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Genomic Primer (DNA)

(Please note, I have removed much of this article because it does not apply to this site, but if you want the complete article please click on this link (http://www.doegenomes.org/)

Cells are the fundamental working units of every living system. All the instructions needed to direct their activities are contained within the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand. This order spells out the exact instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits. The genome is an organism's complete set of DNA. Genomes vary widely in size: the smallest known genome for a free-living organism (a bacterium) contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs, while human and mouse genomes have some 3 billion (see "Early Insights"). Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome.

DNA in the human genome is arranged into 24 distinct chromosomes--physically separate molecules that range in length from about 50 million to 250 million base pairs.

Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. The human genome is estimated to contain 30,000 genes.

Although genes get a lot of attention, it's the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called amino acids. Chemical properties that distinguish the 20 different amino acids cause the protein chains to fold up into specific three-dimensional structures that define their particular functions in the cell.

The constellation of all proteins in a cell is called its proteome. Unlike the relatively unchanging genome, the dynamic proteome changes from minute to minute in response to tens of thousands of intra- and extracellular environmental signals. A protein's chemistry and behavior are specified by the gene sequence and by the number and identities of other proteins made in the same cell at the same time and with which it associates and reacts. Studies to explore protein structure and activities, known as proteomics, will be the focus of much research for decades to come and will help elucidate the molecular basis of health and disease.

Did anyone notice that in the first para it was said, "DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components . . . and this order spells out the exact instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits." That means everything on this earth, not just other humans!

Not only do we have the unique ability to be connected to all of humanity via a global mind (because we are one in the same), but that we should be doing it. In fact we should be connected with this planet unlike anywhere else because everything on this planet comes from the same pot of soup.

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